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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Nichtkonforme finite Elemente</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><p><b>Nichtkonforme finite Elemente</b> (vgl. <a href="Methode_der_finiten_Elemente" class="mw-redirect" title="Methode der finiten Elemente">Methode der finiten Elemente</a>) erfüllen im Vergleich zu konformen finiten Elementen bestimmte notwendige Bedingungen nicht, die zur klassischen Herleitung einiger Eigenschaften (wie z. B. die Entwicklung des Fehlers zwischen exakter Lösung und Finite-Elemente-Lösung bei Erhöhung der Anzahl genutzter finiter Elemente) benötigt werden. Beispielsweise wird für die Diskretisierung der <a href="Poisson-Gleichung" title="Poisson-Gleichung">Poisson-Gleichung</a> mit konformen finiten Elementen die Stetigkeit der Finite-Elemente-Funktionen benötigt. Ist diese nicht erfüllt, spricht man von einer nichtkonformen Methode bzw., speziell hier, von nichtkonformen finiten Elementen. Liegt Nichtkonformität vor, so besteht zunächst die Hoffnung, dass dennoch vergleichbare Eigenschaften wie bei konformen Methoden erfüllt werden. Dies ist jeweils zu untersuchen bzw. nachzuweisen. Wichtig sind nichtkonforme finite Elemente etwa für partielle Differentialgleichungen vierter Ordnung (vgl. <a href="Biharmonische_Funktion" title="Biharmonische Funktion">Biharmonische Funktion</a> und s. u.), bei denen eine konforme Diskretisierung stetig differenzierbare Finite-Elemente-Funktionen verlangen würde, was zu einem stark erhöhten Rechenaufwand führt <sup id="cite_ref-braess2013.nichtkonform_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-braess2013.nichtkonform-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.
</p><p>Mathematisch ausgedrückt impliziert ein nichtkonformes finites Element, dass der zugehörige Finite-Elemente-Raum <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V_{h}}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V_{h}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/652f5cdfa49da86f90fa98f1ab5c47a3384f1464.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.534ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V_{h}}" loading="lazy"></span> keine Teilmenge des Raumes <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}">
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}" loading="lazy"></span> des nicht diskretisierten Variationsproblems ist <sup id="cite_ref-braess2013.nichtkonform_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-braess2013.nichtkonform-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Im Kontext des oben angesprochenen Poissonproblems sind dann beispielsweise die Voraussetzungen des <a href="Lemma_von_C%C3%A9a" title="Lemma von Céa">Lemmas von Céa</a> nicht mehr erfüllt.
</p><p>Nichtkonforme finite Elemente gehören zu den nichtkonformen Finite-Elemente-Methoden, bei denen ein Bruch mit den Bedingungen des Variationsproblems vorliegt. Im Englischen nennt man dies <i>variational crime</i> (direkte Übersetzung: variationelles Verbrechen) <sup id="cite_ref-braess2013.nichtkonform_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-braess2013.nichtkonform-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Die Nichtkonformität kann aufgrund verschiedener Schwierigkeiten auftreten <sup id="cite_ref-braess2013.nichtkonform_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-braess2013.nichtkonform-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>: Im Folgenden werden zunächst drei Schwierigkeiten zu <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V_{h}\not \subset V}">
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<mi>V</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V_{h}\not \subset V}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/50e081e414879f00265787388fcd81e521326e54.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.421ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V_{h}\not \subset V}" loading="lazy"></span> aufgezeigt.
</p>
<ul><li>Hat das Gebiet <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Omega }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ω<!-- Ω --></mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Omega }</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/24b0d5ca6f381068d756f6337c08e0af9d1eeb6f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.678ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Omega }" loading="lazy"></span> der Differentialgleichung krummlinige Ränder, so nutzt man der Einfachheit halber oftmals eine Approximation des Gebiets, z. B., indem man das Gebiet durch ein möglichst passgenaues Polygon ersetzt.</li>
<li>Differentialgleichungen höherer Ordnung (z. B. vierter Ordnung bei <a href="Biharmonische_Funktion" title="Biharmonische Funktion">biharmonischen Funktionen</a>; siehe auch weiter unten) verlangen auch Lösungsräume höherer Ordnung (z. B. <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H^{2}(\Omega )}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H^{2}(\Omega )}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ab20a682dc866092e5a323b6285aeaa6551d5906.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.645ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H^{2}(\Omega )}" loading="lazy"></span>). Dies erfordert stärkere Differenzierbarkeitsbedingungen im Finite-Elemente-Raum, sodass die Anzahl Unbekannter pro finites Element – und auch über ganz <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Omega }">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi mathvariant="normal">Ω<!-- Ω --></mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Omega }</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/24b0d5ca6f381068d756f6337c08e0af9d1eeb6f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.678ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Omega }" loading="lazy"></span> betrachtet – stark steigt. Beispielsweise beträgt für stetig differenzierbare Finite-Elemente-Funktionen auf Dreiecken die minimale Anzahl Freiheitsgrade pro konformes finites Element 18, sofern auf den Elementen Polynomfunktionen genutzt werden <sup id="cite_ref-ciarlet2002.konform.dof_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ciarlet2002.konform.dof-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Für nur stetige Finite-Element-Funktionen genügen hingegen 3 Freiheitsgrade.</li>
<li>Räume von Variationsproblemen können Nebenbedingungen enthalten, die bei Nutzung endlichdimensionaler Unterräume zu anderen Bedingungen führen. Beispielsweise wird beim <a href="Navier-Stokes-Gleichungen" title="Navier-Stokes-Gleichungen">Stokes-Problem</a> in 2D der Raum <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle W:=\{v\in H^{1}(\Omega )^{2}:\int _{\Omega }\operatorname {div} (v)\lambda =0\quad {\text{ für alle }}\lambda \in L^{2}(\Omega )\}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>W</mi>
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<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
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<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ω<!-- Ω --></mi>
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<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle W:=\{v\in H^{1}(\Omega )^{2}:\int _{\Omega }\operatorname {div} (v)\lambda =0\quad {\text{ für alle }}\lambda \in L^{2}(\Omega )\}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/afe5bca8364819af03b5882a450714981da59da6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:57.842ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle W:=\{v\in H^{1}(\Omega )^{2}:\int _{\Omega }\operatorname {div} (v)\lambda =0\quad {\text{ für alle }}\lambda \in L^{2}(\Omega )\}}" loading="lazy"></span> verwendet. In diskreter Form wird die Bedingung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \int _{\Omega }\operatorname {div} (v)\lambda =0}">
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<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \int _{\Omega }\operatorname {div} (v)\lambda =0}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/65cfd994c97f2baa99fe4b4f94fd8f15874e6c5b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:14.818ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \int _{\Omega }\operatorname {div} (v)\lambda =0}" loading="lazy"></span> nicht für alle <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lambda \in L^{2}(\Omega )}">
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<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lambda \in L^{2}(\Omega )}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/46d4849d813457c107760e9ee968cbc345305268.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.32ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lambda \in L^{2}(\Omega )}" loading="lazy"></span> erfüllt, sondern nur für eine endlichdimensionale Auswahl. Damit existieren im diskreten Raum <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle W_{h}}">
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<mi>W</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle W_{h}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b9d2b0dfa2103b35ecd6f7cbe0ab12981af7b97f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.373ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle W_{h}}" loading="lazy"></span> Funktionen, die nicht in <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle W}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>W</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle W}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/54a9c4c547f4d6111f81946cad242b18298d70b7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.435ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle W}" loading="lazy"></span> liegen.</li></ul>
<p>Eine weitere Ursache für eine nichtkonforme Methode:
</p>
<ul><li>Bei der Umformung einer Differentialgleichung in ein Variationsproblem werden Integrale verwendet. Diese können i. A. nicht exakt ausgewertet werden. Beispielsweise könnte das diskretisierte Variationsproblem <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \int _{0}^{1}u_{h}'(x)v_{h}'(x)\,\mathrm {d} x\ {\overset {!}{=}}\ \int _{0}^{1}f(x)v_{h}(x)\,\mathrm {d} x}">
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<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
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<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \int _{0}^{1}u_{h}'(x)v_{h}'(x)\,\mathrm {d} x\ {\overset {!}{=}}\ \int _{0}^{1}f(x)v_{h}(x)\,\mathrm {d} x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d137eaef5ef8d8da1ced36b4bd46be25b82d9ae1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:38.143ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \int _{0}^{1}u_{h}'(x)v_{h}'(x)\,\mathrm {d} x\ {\overset {!}{=}}\ \int _{0}^{1}f(x)v_{h}(x)\,\mathrm {d} x}" loading="lazy"></span> vorliegen, wobei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle u_{h},v_{h}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle u_{h},v_{h}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/02a915c8528e8372d988c7711e3674e6d25f2a89.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:5.849ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle u_{h},v_{h}}" loading="lazy"></span> Finite-Elemente-Funktionen sind. <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/132e57acb643253e7810ee9702d9581f159a1c61.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.279ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f}" loading="lazy"></span> sei hier eine beliebige Funktion, die i. A. numerisch nicht exakt integriert werden kann.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Das_Crouzeix-Raviart-Element">Das Crouzeix-Raviart-Element</h2></div>
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<div style="clear:both;"></div>
<div class="thumbcaption" style="clear:both;text-align:left;">Finite-Elemente-Lösung basierend auf Crouzeix-Raviart-Elementen. Die Kantenmittelpunkten sind hervorgehoben. Das zugehörige Randwertproblem ist -Δu=f auf dem Einheitsquadrat mit einer Null-Dirichlet-Randbedingung, wobei f(x,y) = 2π²sin(πx)sin(πy). Die grobe Gitterauflösung wurde gewählt, um die Stetigkeitsbedingung in den Kantenmittelpunkten zu zeigen.</div></div></div>
<p>Das Crouzeix-Raviart-Element ist das einfachste <i>nichtkonforme</i> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P_{1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P_{1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/398f438d75434e6fbf48dc232c1ad7228a738568.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.547ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P_{1}}" loading="lazy"></span>-Element (Polynome ersten Grades auf den Finiten Elementen) zur Diskretisierung von elliptischen Randwertaufgaben zweiter Ordnung. Auf einer Dreieckszerlegung wählt man als Freiheitsgrade für den Finite-Elemente-Raum <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V_{h}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>V</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V_{h}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/652f5cdfa49da86f90fa98f1ab5c47a3384f1464.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.534ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V_{h}}" loading="lazy"></span> die Funktionswerte in den Seitenmitten der Dreiecke. Dadurch erhält man auf dem diskretisierten Gebiet eine Funktion, die in den Kantenmittelpunkten des Gitters stetig ist und stückweise aus Polynomen ersten Grades besteht. Damit gibt es in <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V_{h}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>V</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V_{h}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/652f5cdfa49da86f90fa98f1ab5c47a3384f1464.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.534ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V_{h}}" loading="lazy"></span> <i>unstetige</i> Elemente, wodurch <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V_{h}\not \subset H^{1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>V</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⊄</mo>
<msup>
<mi>H</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V_{h}\not \subset H^{1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/55902b3ed23fbf417e6ffe2f9536c134b33b76e1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.792ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V_{h}\not \subset H^{1}}" loading="lazy"></span> folgt (s. 5.2 Satz in <sup id="cite_ref-braess2013.stetigkeit_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-braess2013.stetigkeit-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). Will man nun die Randwertaufgabe
</p><p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -\triangle u=f\quad {\rm {in}}\,\,\Omega ,\quad u=0\quad {\rm {auf}}\,\,\partial \Omega ,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">△<!-- △ --></mi>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ω<!-- Ω --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">u</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ω<!-- Ω --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -\triangle u=f\quad {\rm {in}}\,\,\Omega ,\quad u=0\quad {\rm {auf}}\,\,\partial \Omega ,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cc143e3dea9039fb6bad2eeaf22565f79a585681.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:35.302ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -\triangle u=f\quad {\rm {in}}\,\,\Omega ,\quad u=0\quad {\rm {auf}}\,\,\partial \Omega ,}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p><p>mit dem Crouzeix-Raviart-Element diskretisieren, so ist von der Bilinearform
</p><p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a(u,v):=\int _{\Omega }\nabla u\nabla v}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>:=</mo>
<msub>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ω<!-- Ω --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∇<!-- ∇ --></mi>
<mi>u</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∇<!-- ∇ --></mi>
<mi>v</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a(u,v):=\int _{\Omega }\nabla u\nabla v}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/dd3bd30fb2254826c37217ed6c85398a97abefa7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:19.703ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a(u,v):=\int _{\Omega }\nabla u\nabla v}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p><p>der Ausdruck <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a(u_{h},v_{h})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a(u_{h},v_{h})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9393010c49a3605a350307501d394237aa61a26f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.888ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a(u_{h},v_{h})}" loading="lazy"></span> für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle u_{h},v_{h}\in V_{h}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>V</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle u_{h},v_{h}\in V_{h}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/71df429f6ad013cd1012156b481da80ad2d40911.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:11.224ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle u_{h},v_{h}\in V_{h}}" loading="lazy"></span> gar nicht definiert, da <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle u_{h}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle u_{h}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2da95acfa56c8c720f0d4ee2aeb81d1550bc1ca4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.509ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle u_{h}}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v_{h}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v_{h}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a758db0a91da9a5d73994b02b0cf43417c3cc67e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.307ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v_{h}}" loading="lazy"></span> i. A. keine <a href="Schwache_Ableitung" title="Schwache Ableitung">schwache Ableitung</a> besitzen, d. h. nicht in <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H^{1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>H</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H^{1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/246d198ccb2f5e5488a7afd13093aab7b005139b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.158ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H^{1}}" loading="lazy"></span> liegen. Eine naheliegende Idee ist nun, stattdessen stückweise zu integrieren und eine neue Bilinearform durch
</p><p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a_{h}(u,v):=\sum _{K}\int _{K}\nabla u\nabla v}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>:=</mo>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>K</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<msub>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>K</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∇<!-- ∇ --></mi>
<mi>u</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∇<!-- ∇ --></mi>
<mi>v</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a_{h}(u,v):=\sum _{K}\int _{K}\nabla u\nabla v}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6c9cf63d0429a083583f2642819ee7adb7949567.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:24.899ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a_{h}(u,v):=\sum _{K}\int _{K}\nabla u\nabla v}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p><p>zu definieren, wobei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle K}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>K</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle K}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2b76fce82a62ed5461908f0dc8f037de4e3686b0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.066ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle K}" loading="lazy"></span> ein Finites Element ist, auf dem die Funktionen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V_{h}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>V</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V_{h}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/652f5cdfa49da86f90fa98f1ab5c47a3384f1464.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.534ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V_{h}}" loading="lazy"></span> glatt sind. Somit kann man die Finite-Elemente-Approximation <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle u_{h}\in V_{h}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>V</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle u_{h}\in V_{h}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f2cf79857f31e936b0bbff29cf1565144b3b0a05.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:7.884ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle u_{h}\in V_{h}}" loading="lazy"></span> als Lösung des Variationsproblems
</p><p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a_{h}(u_{h},v_{h})=\int _{K}fv_{h}=:(f,v_{h})\quad \forall \,\,v_{h}\in V_{h}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>K</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>f</mi>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=:</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∀<!-- ∀ --></mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>V</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a_{h}(u_{h},v_{h})=\int _{K}fv_{h}=:(f,v_{h})\quad \forall \,\,v_{h}\in V_{h}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2bea89c28c8bef193c388de844ad648cc7874753.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:42.369ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a_{h}(u_{h},v_{h})=\int _{K}fv_{h}=:(f,v_{h})\quad \forall \,\,v_{h}\in V_{h}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p><p>definieren. Mit der Norm
</p><p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle ||w||_{h}:={\sqrt {a_{h}(w_{h},w_{h})}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>w</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>:=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>w</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>w</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle ||w||_{h}:={\sqrt {a_{h}(w_{h},w_{h})}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/41b84417884e6179859abb0a95c56f8055518abb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:22.438ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle ||w||_{h}:={\sqrt {a_{h}(w_{h},w_{h})}}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p><p>folgt aus der <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V_{h}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>V</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V_{h}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/652f5cdfa49da86f90fa98f1ab5c47a3384f1464.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.534ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V_{h}}" loading="lazy"></span>-Elliptizität der neuen Bilinearform die Existenz der Approximation <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle u_{h}\in V_{h}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>V</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle u_{h}\in V_{h}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f2cf79857f31e936b0bbff29cf1565144b3b0a05.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:7.884ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle u_{h}\in V_{h}}" loading="lazy"></span> und man kann hoffen, dass man den Fehler ähnlich wie bei einer konformen Finite-Elemente-Methode abschätzen kann (s. <a href="Fehlerabsch%C3%A4tzung_f%C3%BCr_die_Finite-Element-Methode" title="Fehlerabschätzung für die Finite-Element-Methode">Fehlerabschätzung für die Finite-Elemente-Methode</a>). Und tatsächlich kann man unter ähnlichen Voraussetzungen wie für stetige lineare Elemente (konforme <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P_{1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P_{1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/398f438d75434e6fbf48dc232c1ad7228a738568.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.547ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P_{1}}" loading="lazy"></span>-Elemente) zeigen, dass (s. Gleichung (1.12) in <sup id="cite_ref-braess2013.CR.fehler_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-braess2013.CR.fehler-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)
</p><p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle ||u-u_{h}||_{h}\leq C\,h.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mi>C</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>h</mi>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle ||u-u_{h}||_{h}\leq C\,h.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ecb9bdbf3b3762df246fe721ab4026a6cbc350bd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:17.683ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle ||u-u_{h}||_{h}\leq C\,h.}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p><p>Die Herleitung dieser Abschätzung verlangt eine etwas längere Analyse des <i>Konsistenzfehlers</i>. Ältere Versuche, mit dem sogenannten Patch-Test die Konvergenz nichtkonformer Finite-Elemente-Methoden zu erklären, waren nicht erfolgreich.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Der_Konsistenzfehler">Der Konsistenzfehler</h2></div>
<p>Die <a href="Fehlerabsch%C3%A4tzung_f%C3%BCr_die_Finite-Element-Methode" title="Fehlerabschätzung für die Finite-Element-Methode">Fehlerabschätzung für die Finite-Elemente-Methode</a> basiert auf der Elliptizität der Bilinearform <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a(\cdot ,\cdot )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a(\cdot ,\cdot )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fed8ed14a5035a5b274c792556b24b9fd6044cdd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.367ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a(\cdot ,\cdot )}" loading="lazy"></span> und der Galerkin-Orthogonalität
</p><p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a(u-u_{h},w_{h})=0\quad \forall \,\,w_{h}\in V_{h}.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>w</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∀<!-- ∀ --></mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msub>
<mi>w</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>V</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a(u-u_{h},w_{h})=0\quad \forall \,\,w_{h}\in V_{h}.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b0f4496ff2f2fa7ffb5ebe4f6fafbf059edefc07.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:31.11ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a(u-u_{h},w_{h})=0\quad \forall \,\,w_{h}\in V_{h}.}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p><p>Mit dieser gilt
</p><p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a(u_{h}-v_{h},u_{h}-v_{h})=a(u-v_{h},u_{h}-v_{h})+a(u_{h}-u,u_{h}-v_{h})=a(u-v_{h},u_{h}-v_{h}),}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a(u_{h}-v_{h},u_{h}-v_{h})=a(u-v_{h},u_{h}-v_{h})+a(u_{h}-u,u_{h}-v_{h})=a(u-v_{h},u_{h}-v_{h}),}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1af9a26e29a8b694bd019247d58ab9d982a35f9d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:83.888ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a(u_{h}-v_{h},u_{h}-v_{h})=a(u-v_{h},u_{h}-v_{h})+a(u_{h}-u,u_{h}-v_{h})=a(u-v_{h},u_{h}-v_{h}),}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p><p>und die Möglichkeit der beliebigen Wahl von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v_{h}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v_{h}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a758db0a91da9a5d73994b02b0cf43417c3cc67e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.307ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v_{h}}" loading="lazy"></span> führt den Diskretisierungsfehler zurück auf den Approximationsfehler bzw. Interpolationsfehler.
Wird hingegen eine modifizierte Bilinearform <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a_{h}(\cdot ,\cdot )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a_{h}(\cdot ,\cdot )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1534623e2aafb79fe6df461633d8b8a255be82df.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.546ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a_{h}(\cdot ,\cdot )}" loading="lazy"></span> zur Definition des diskreten Problems genutzt, so gilt nur
</p><p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a_{h}(u_{h}-v_{h},u_{h}-v_{h})=a_{h}(u-v_{h},u_{h}-v_{h})+a_{h}(u_{h}-u,u_{h}-v_{h})=a_{h}(u-v_{h},u_{h}-v_{h})+[(f,u_{h}-v_{h})-a_{h}(u,u_{h}-v_{h})].}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a_{h}(u_{h}-v_{h},u_{h}-v_{h})=a_{h}(u-v_{h},u_{h}-v_{h})+a_{h}(u_{h}-u,u_{h}-v_{h})=a_{h}(u-v_{h},u_{h}-v_{h})+[(f,u_{h}-v_{h})-a_{h}(u,u_{h}-v_{h})].}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/45ab0cf2c51e88feb250dc2eafbd2143f689686b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:121.594ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a_{h}(u_{h}-v_{h},u_{h}-v_{h})=a_{h}(u-v_{h},u_{h}-v_{h})+a_{h}(u_{h}-u,u_{h}-v_{h})=a_{h}(u-v_{h},u_{h}-v_{h})+[(f,u_{h}-v_{h})-a_{h}(u,u_{h}-v_{h})].}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p><p>Zusätzlich zum Interpolationsfehler entsteht aus dem Term in eckigen Klammern der <i>Konsistenzfehler</i> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{cons}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>c</mi>
<mi>o</mi>
<mi>n</mi>
<mi>s</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{cons}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/51feec65190d1d78667aeb7a8757d78c8e664589.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:5.214ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{cons}}" loading="lazy"></span> gemäß
</p><p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{cons}=\sup _{w_{h}\in V_{h}}{\frac {|(f,w_{h})-a_{h}(u,w_{h})|}{||w_{h}||_{h}}}.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>c</mi>
<mi>o</mi>
<mi>n</mi>
<mi>s</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<munder>
<mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">sup</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>w</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>V</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>w</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>w</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>w</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{cons}=\sup _{w_{h}\in V_{h}}{\frac {|(f,w_{h})-a_{h}(u,w_{h})|}{||w_{h}||_{h}}}.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f9a6743cf9fb5ab9c3629cf866960f7d6a08f6d7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.838ex; width:35.804ex; height:6.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{cons}=\sup _{w_{h}\in V_{h}}{\frac {|(f,w_{h})-a_{h}(u,w_{h})|}{||w_{h}||_{h}}}.}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p><p>Abschätzungen des Konsistenzfehlers sind technisch schwierig und für einige nichtkonforme Methoden in der angegebenen Literatur zu finden.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Die_biharmonische_Gleichung_der_Ordnung_vier">Die biharmonische Gleichung der Ordnung vier</h2></div>
<p>Betrachtet wird als Modell einer dünnen, am Rand eingespannten Platte die Randwertaufgabe
</p><p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \triangle \triangle u=f\quad {\rm {in}}\,\,\Omega ,\quad u={\frac {\partial u}{\partial n}}=0\quad {\rm {auf}}\,\,\partial \Omega .}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">△<!-- △ --></mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">△<!-- △ --></mi>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ω<!-- Ω --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>u</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">u</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ω<!-- Ω --></mi>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \triangle \triangle u=f\quad {\rm {in}}\,\,\Omega ,\quad u={\frac {\partial u}{\partial n}}=0\quad {\rm {auf}}\,\,\partial \Omega .}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/04739fea04382236b5699e944a29ac16de856691.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:42.207ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \triangle \triangle u=f\quad {\rm {in}}\,\,\Omega ,\quad u={\frac {\partial u}{\partial n}}=0\quad {\rm {auf}}\,\,\partial \Omega .}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p><p>Die zugeordnete schwache Formulierung lebt im Raum <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H_{0}^{2}(\Omega )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msubsup>
<mi>H</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ω<!-- Ω --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H_{0}^{2}(\Omega )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b233b6a5eac076a77bd8e8b23d93f46f17551a8d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:6.645ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H_{0}^{2}(\Omega )}" loading="lazy"></span> und ist
</p><p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a(u,v)=\int _{\Omega }\triangle u\triangle v=\int _{\Omega }f\,v\,\,.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ω<!-- Ω --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">△<!-- △ --></mi>
<mi>u</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">△<!-- △ --></mi>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ω<!-- Ω --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>f</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>v</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a(u,v)=\int _{\Omega }\triangle u\triangle v=\int _{\Omega }f\,v\,\,.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fc5f0723e295be7b7187675be87d4f312c8804ea.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:29.728ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a(u,v)=\int _{\Omega }\triangle u\triangle v=\int _{\Omega }f\,v\,\,.}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p><p>Eine <i>konforme</i> Finite-Elemente-Diskretisierung verlangt dann stetig differenzierbare Elemente, diese sind kompliziert und werden deshalb wenig verwendet.
</p><p>Für eine <i>nichtkonforme</i> Diskretisierung ist es naheliegend, analog zum entsprechenden Vorgehen beim Crouzeix-Raviart-Element statt der Bilinearform <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a(\cdot ,\cdot )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a(\cdot ,\cdot )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fed8ed14a5035a5b274c792556b24b9fd6044cdd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.367ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a(\cdot ,\cdot )}" loading="lazy"></span> die neue Bilinearform
</p><p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a_{h}(u_{h},v_{h})=\sum \int _{K}\triangle u_{h}\triangle v_{h}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<msub>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>K</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">△<!-- △ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">△<!-- △ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a_{h}(u_{h},v_{h})=\sum \int _{K}\triangle u_{h}\triangle v_{h}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f52f90dbd5dfeef151305f1101c307f2f7831d0f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:29.228ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a_{h}(u_{h},v_{h})=\sum \int _{K}\triangle u_{h}\triangle v_{h}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p><p>einsetzen zu wollen. Das funktioniert aber nicht so gut, weil man mitunter mit dieser Bilinearform Schwierigkeiten mit der <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V_{h}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>V</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V_{h}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/652f5cdfa49da86f90fa98f1ab5c47a3384f1464.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.534ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V_{h}}" loading="lazy"></span>-Elliptizität bekommt. Deswegen wird folgender Trick angewandt: Mit einem Parameter <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0<\sigma <1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>0</mn>
<mo><</mo>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mo><</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0<\sigma <1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/033763281d338863d62ad91904482fefb149dee4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:9.852ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0<\sigma <1}" loading="lazy"></span> wird eine neue Bilinearform definiert durch
</p>
<pre><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a_{h}^{\sigma }(u_{h},v_{h})=\sigma a_{h}(u_{h},v_{h})+(1-\sigma )\sum _{K}\int _{K}({\frac {\partial ^{2}u_{h}}{\partial x^{2}}}{\frac {\partial ^{2}v_{h}}{\partial x^{2}}}+{\frac {\partial ^{2}u_{h}}{\partial y^{2}}}{\frac {\partial ^{2}v_{h}}{\partial y^{2}}}+2{\frac {\partial ^{2}u_{h}}{\partial x\partial y}}{\frac {\partial ^{2}v_{h}}{\partial x\partial y}}).}">
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<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a_{h}^{\sigma }(u_{h},v_{h})=\sigma a_{h}(u_{h},v_{h})+(1-\sigma )\sum _{K}\int _{K}({\frac {\partial ^{2}u_{h}}{\partial x^{2}}}{\frac {\partial ^{2}v_{h}}{\partial x^{2}}}+{\frac {\partial ^{2}u_{h}}{\partial y^{2}}}{\frac {\partial ^{2}v_{h}}{\partial y^{2}}}+2{\frac {\partial ^{2}u_{h}}{\partial x\partial y}}{\frac {\partial ^{2}v_{h}}{\partial x\partial y}}).}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b519b9ae7f95f20ec14cf1fff98107614fc36fb0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:85.44ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a_{h}^{\sigma }(u_{h},v_{h})=\sigma a_{h}(u_{h},v_{h})+(1-\sigma )\sum _{K}\int _{K}({\frac {\partial ^{2}u_{h}}{\partial x^{2}}}{\frac {\partial ^{2}v_{h}}{\partial x^{2}}}+{\frac {\partial ^{2}u_{h}}{\partial y^{2}}}{\frac {\partial ^{2}v_{h}}{\partial y^{2}}}+2{\frac {\partial ^{2}u_{h}}{\partial x\partial y}}{\frac {\partial ^{2}v_{h}}{\partial x\partial y}}).}" loading="lazy"></span>
</pre>
<p>Mit der neuen Bilinearform hat man <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V_{h}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>V</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V_{h}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/652f5cdfa49da86f90fa98f1ab5c47a3384f1464.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.534ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V_{h}}" loading="lazy"></span>-Elliptizität z. B. für das sogenannte <i>Morley-Element</i>.
Es bleibt dann, für ein konkretes Element den Konsistenzfehler zu untersuchen.
</p><p>Das Morley-Element lebt auf einer Dreieckszerlegung. Auf einem Dreieck sind die Ansatzfunktionen quadratisch und die 6 Vorgabewerte sind die Funktionswerte in den Ecken und die Werte der Normalableitungen in den Seitenmitten. Ein Morley-Element ist global nicht stetig, trotzdem für eine nichtkonforme Diskretisierung der biharmonischen Gleichung geeignet. Nach der (schwierigen) Analyse des Konsistenzfehlers erhält man für den Fehler in einer stückweisen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H^{2}}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H^{2}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4b83c19c3fd9d50029b321e1d964aeba09f984e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.158ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span>-Seminorm die Fehlerordnung Eins.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weitere_Plattenmodelle">Weitere Plattenmodelle</h2></div>
<p>Komplizierte Plattenmodelle werden ausführlich im Buch von Braess behandelt. Dabei werden für die Diskretisierung einer Kirchhoff-Platte oder einer Mindlin-Reissner-Platte sowohl gemischte (s. <a href="Gemischte_finite_Elemente" title="Gemischte finite Elemente">Gemischte finite Elemente</a>) als auch nichtkonforme Methoden eingesetzt.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<ul><li>D. Braess: <i>Finite Elemente: Theorie, schnelle Löser und Anwendungen in der Elastizitätstheorie.</i> 5. Auflage. Springer, 2013, ISBN 978-3-642-34796-2.</li>
<li>Herbert Goering, <a href="Hans-G%C3%B6rg_Roos" title="Hans-Görg Roos">Hans-Görg Roos</a>, Lutz Tobiska: <i>Die Finite-Elemente-Methode.</i> 4. Auflage. Wiley, 2010, ISBN 978-3-527-40964-8.</li>
<li>C. Grossmann, <a href="Hans-G%C3%B6rg_Roos" title="Hans-Görg Roos">Hans-Görg Roos</a>: <i>Numerische Behandlung partieller Differentialgleichungen</i>. Teubner 2005, ISBN 3-519-22089-X.</li>
<li>S. Ganesan, L. Tobiska: <i>Finite elements</i>. Cambridge 2017, ISBN 978-1-108-41570-5.</li>
<li>A. Ern, J.-L. Guermond: <i>Theory and practice of finite elements.</i> Springer, Berlin 2004, ISBN 0-387-20574-8</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-braess2013.nichtkonform-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-braess2013.nichtkonform_1-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-braess2013.nichtkonform_1-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-braess2013.nichtkonform_1-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-braess2013.nichtkonform_1-3">d</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">
D. Braess: <cite style="font-style:italic">Finite Elemente: Theorie, schnelle Löser und Anwendungen in der Elastizitätstheorie</cite>. 2013, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>99</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-34797-9">10.1007/978-3-642-34797-9</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nichtkonforme+finite+Elemente&rft.au=D.+Braess&rft.btitle=Finite+Elemente%3A+Theorie%2C+schnelle+L%C3%B6ser+und+Anwendungen+in+der+Elastizit%C3%A4tstheorie&rft.date=2013&rft.doi=10.1007%2F978-3-642-34797-9&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=99" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-ciarlet2002.konform.dof-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ciarlet2002.konform.dof_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">
Philippe G. Ciarlet: <cite style="font-style:italic">The Finite Element Method for Elliptic Problems</cite>. 2002, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>340</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1137/1.9780898719208">10.1137/1.9780898719208</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nichtkonforme+finite+Elemente&rft.au=Philippe+G.+Ciarlet&rft.btitle=The+Finite+Element+Method+for+Elliptic+Problems&rft.date=2002&rft.doi=10.1137%2F1.9780898719208&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=340" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-braess2013.stetigkeit-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-braess2013.stetigkeit_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">
D. Braess: <cite style="font-style:italic">Finite Elemente: Theorie, schnelle Löser und Anwendungen in der Elastizitätstheorie</cite>. 2013, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>59</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-34797-9">10.1007/978-3-642-34797-9</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nichtkonforme+finite+Elemente&rft.au=D.+Braess&rft.btitle=Finite+Elemente%3A+Theorie%2C+schnelle+L%C3%B6ser+und+Anwendungen+in+der+Elastizit%C3%A4tstheorie&rft.date=2013&rft.doi=10.1007%2F978-3-642-34797-9&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=59" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-braess2013.CR.fehler-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-braess2013.CR.fehler_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">
D. Braess: <cite style="font-style:italic">Finite Elemente: Theorie, schnelle Löser und Anwendungen in der Elastizitätstheorie</cite>. 2013, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>105</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-34797-9">10.1007/978-3-642-34797-9</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nichtkonforme+finite+Elemente&rft.au=D.+Braess&rft.btitle=Finite+Elemente%3A+Theorie%2C+schnelle+L%C3%B6ser+und+Anwendungen+in+der+Elastizit%C3%A4tstheorie&rft.date=2013&rft.doi=10.1007%2F978-3-642-34797-9&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=105" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
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